Renaissance and Revolution Did Copernicus - 1485 Words

Using the maps on pages 374 and 380: Mark Protestant countries with a P and Catholic countries with a C. Mark absolute monarchies with an A and parliamentary governments with a P. Where were most Catholic countries located? Where were most Protestant nations? Is there any apparent connection between religious preference and the existence of absolute monarchy? Can you offer an explanation? INTRODUCTION 1. What change did Philippe Aries describe in his work Centuries in Childhood? 2. Why MIGHT it have occurred? Cite 2 reasons (p. 369) The First Big Changes: Culture and Commerce. 1450-1650 A New Spirit. 3. How did Petrarch’s writing in the early Renaissance differ from most writing from the Middle Ages?†¦show more content†¦The Commercial Revolution. 35. What led to European trade rising along with a greater variety of available goods? 36. What did the large influx of gold and silver lead to and who benefitted the most? 37. What new trade development/innovation led to greater European involvement in countries around the world? (Note: this will play a key role in â€Å"imperialism† later) 38. The Industrial Revolution will not occur until the 18th century but colonies provided new ____________________ that will stimulate manufacturing and lead to the I.R. 39. How did Western European peasants begin to differ economically from Eastern European peasants as a result of trade? Social Protest. 40. What is the â€Å"proletariat†? 41. Where did some poor people end up as they sold or lost their land to landowners? 1. 2. 3. 42. Cite evidence of growing class tension in Europe. (This tension will be very important to both the French Revolution later and the work of Karl Marx on Communism.) 43. How were women singled out for punishment in Western Europe and America during the 17th century? Science and Politics: The Next Phase of Change. 44. Define â€Å"Scientific Revolution† – Did Copernicus Copy? 45. Copernicus developed the heliocentric theory of planetary motion. What is that theory? 46. Cite one supporting fact that Copernicus DID copy. 47. Cite one supporting fact that Copernicus did NOT copy. Science:Show MoreRelated Scientific Developments During the Renaissance Essay1328 Words   |  6 PagesScientific Developments During the Renaissance Historians often refer to the renaissance as a Scientific Revolution. It was during this period that Nicolas Copernicus first suggested the revolution of the Earth around the Sun. This was groundbreaking, as previous to this it was generally thought that the Earth was stationary, and all the planets, including the Sun, orbited the Earth. It was also Copernicus theory that directly led to the discoveries of Kepler, Galileo and Newton. It couldRead MoreWhat Were the Causes and Consequences of the Scientific Revolution and How Did It Change the World from 1500 - 1800?1611 Words   |  7 PagesScientific Revolution was an important time in history, but it was by no means sudden. The catalyst of the Revolution were a while in the making with writings and philosophies from Ancient Greece and Rome inspiring people and was a long process of gradual of upheaval, up until the Enlightenment. This essay will examine the various, but not inexhaustible, causes that may have contributed to t he Scientific Revolution; the teaching and philosophies of Aristotle, Ptolemy and Descartes, The Renaissance, HumanismRead MoreCopernicus : A Renaissance Mathematician And Astronomer942 Words   |  4 PagesCopernicus Nicolaus Copernicus was a renaissance mathematician and astronomer. Born on February 19th 1473 in Torun, Poland. The youngest child born to Nicolaus Copernicus Sr. and Barbara Watzenrode. When Copernicus was 10 years of age, his father passed away. His uncle Lucas Watzenrode took up the parental role to ensure that Copernicus would get the best education possible for him. ` In 1491, Copernicus entered the University of Cracow, where he studied painting and mathematics. Although CopernicusRead MoreScientific Revolution- Ap Euro Essay806 Words   |  4 PagesHow did the developments in scientific thought from Copernicus to Newton create a new conception of the universe and of humanity’s place within it? The Scientific Revolution was a time of scientific questioning in which tremendous discoveries were made about the Earth. It has been referred to as â€Å"the real origin both of the modern world and the modern mentality† (Mckay, 596) and caused the foremost change in the world-view. This revolution occurred for many reasons. Universities were establishedRead MoreEssay on The Life of Nicolaus Copernicus566 Words   |  3 PagesNicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance mathematician and astronomer. He is famous for his formulation of a heliocentric theory of our galaxy. This theory suggested that the Earth and other planets revolve around the sun, which is in the center of our solar system. This heliocentric model was the opposite of what people had believed before, which was that the sun and other planets revolved around Earth. Copernicus was a genius of his time and had a breakthrough in astronomy. He is known as the initiatorRead MoreSuppressed Darkness On The Medieval Mind Ma p1582 Words   |  7 PagesSuppressed Darkness on the Medieval Mind Map William Manchester’s A World Lit Only By Fire: The Medieval Mind and the Renaissance unveils an in- depth look at the Late Medieval Ages in Europe and touches upon the Renaissance. It is most well known as the time period that occurred after the fall of the Roman Empire- when the eastern world seemed to have plummeted into an age of regression and darkness. Manchester’s central proposition was â€Å"The power of the medieval mind had been irrevocably broken†Read More The Scientific Revolution: Copernicus and Galileo Essay1067 Words   |  5 PagesThe Scientific Revolution: Copernicus and Galileo The scientific revolution brought on new and important change. People began to see things extremely differently. Up to this point religion had been an issue of pure faith. A person could not use any empirically based data or reason to justify or develop ideas on religion. People who contradicted the church were considered heretics and were punished. At this time, people believed in the universe that Ptolemy had theorized: that the earth wasRead MoreThe Revolution And Reformation During The Renaissance1205 Words   |  5 PagesRevolution and reformation; these are two words that are often identified with war, disagreement, and regional effects. While these things do indeed come along with a revolution or reformation, they heed an array of positive and secular outcomes as well. In addition, a revolution can, and usually will, cause a reformation. Conversely, a reformation can cause a revolution. This can happen despite the two things involved with the change or disagreement being seemingly unrelated. The world is connectedRead MoreA Pre Printing Press Increase And Interest1603 Words   |  7 PagesThere did exist a pre-printing press increase and interest in scriptural availability which could be seen as precipitating religious reform independent of the invention of moveable type. In this view, the lay desire for textual access enabled the acceptance of Luther’s emphasis on the return to scripture, and furthermore prepared early modern Europe for the new technology: ‘The steady rising demand for texts in the late Middle Ages set the stage for the invention of printing’. Indeed, the processRead MoreThe Reformation And Its Impact On Society1710 Words   |  7 Pageslot of changes. Starting with the Renaissance, which brought in sources from Ancient Greece and Rome that were previously unknown to Europeans. These sources led to a need for means of education like universities because people wanted to read the classics. The Renaissance chan ged Europe from focusing on religion to embracing the cultures of previous civilizations and striving for human excellence. Humanism alone could be enough to jumpstart the scientific revolution. The fact that people wanted to

Violent Video Games And Aggression - 1780 Words

Although there are many valid arguments to why violent video games lead to aggression which can turn into potential violate behavior, our group has found research that proves that violate video games do not contribute to aggression as much as the opposing view perceives. We have also found several flaws concerning these results which further supports our position. In addition, although this may be shocking, according to our research, violent video games, when played in the right content, can be beneficial to its players. By looking at the positive effects and lack of correlation between violent video games and aggression, our group will prove and focus on why violent video games are an inadequate excuse to claim when concerning why some minors may become involved in illegal behaviors. First let s take a look at the previous research that has been taken into effect regarding this subject. There have been several issues with research results proposing that violent video games correlate with violate behavior. According to , many aggression measures used regarding this topic have demonstrated poor validity. The measures that represent aggression do not correlate with actual real life acts or behaviors. () Considering this fact alone, we cannot assume that violent video games have a higher connection with aggression if the type of aggression these researchers found do not seem to correlate with the type of aggression children/ teens express when playing violent video games.Show MoreRelatedAggression And Violent Video Games1900 Words   |  8 PagesRunning Head: AGGRESSION RELATES TO VIOLENT VIDEO GAMES 1 Violent Video Games Utilization Relating to Aggression Phyllis Hensel Montana State University-Bozeman Author Note I have written this mini paper/literature review to satisfy the requirements in Dr. Matthew Vess’s Research Design and Analysis II course (Psych. 225). I have been curious in the past regarding this subject, because I have a fourteen year old son that plays a few of these violent video games. I wantedRead MoreViolent Video Game Effects On Aggression3491 Words   |  14 Pages Violent Video Game Effects on Aggression Delaney Granger William Jewell College Author Note Delaney Granger, William Jewell College This research was completed to fulfill requirements for a Psychology Capstone course instructed by Dr. Ray Owens. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Delaney Granger, Psychology Department, William Jewell College, Liberty, MO 64068. E-mail: grangerde@william.jewell.edu â€Æ' Abstract The effect of violent video games has constantly beenRead MoreViolent Video Games Cause Aggression in Violent Video Games Cause Aggression in Children and Should Be Regulated1316 Words   |  6 PagesVideo games have become such a huge popular form of media as they are enjoyed by every people from all age. They can be seen as indispensable sources of entertainment for kids and teenagers, serve as the relaxing and joyful time after working hard. However, why does video game become such a controversial thing and why have many scholars begun to study both the negative and positive side of video games, especially violent video games? After a long time of studying overall the controversy, many scholarsRead More Violent Video Games and Increased Aggression Essay2965 Words   |  12 Pagesbedroom, controller in hand, playing his favorite Nintendo game, Mortal Kombat Trilogy. With such gruesome events such as these happening almost constantly in an ever-increasing number of homes across America, one has to wonder, how is this going to affect our children? We have PlayStations, GameBoys, Nintendo 64s, Sega Dreamcasts, PCs, and more. All of these mediums offer people of all ages, including children, access to interactive, violent experiences such as the one depicted above. From the mediasRead More Violent Video Games and Aggression in Children Essay3450 Words   |  14 Pagesplaying video games has become one of the most popular hobbies worldwide. Not only has the video game industry become a multi-billion dollar industry, but it has attracted people from all age types. While video games today are played by both kids and adults, there are many issues being raised regarding the effects of video games. More particular, is the effect that violent video games may be having on children. Some critics argue that video games are direct indicators of child aggressi on while videoRead MoreEssay on Violent Video Games Raise Aggression1054 Words   |  5 Pagesactivities and games. Video games have become a very popular way to spend time and have fun from the 1970’s up to now. With new developments appeared different video game genres from adventure to racing, but the violent video games appear to be the most popular ones (Shin, 2003), for example: shooters, fighting and video games where you have to eliminate, destroy, or kill your enemies. Video games have become very influential on children and adults (Stafford, 1999). With violent video games humans areRead MoreViolent Video Games Do Not Cause Violence And Aggression1527 Words   |  7 PagesViolent Video Games Over the past few years, the United States has seen violence that has come from the inside of the country. Various high schools, have had shootings inside of them from some of the high school students that go to that specific school. Some experts blame the shootings by categorizing the students as someone who has been tormented and bullied basically most of life, while other experts believe the shootings were caused by the violence in video games. There has been a lot of nation-wideRead MoreEssay on Violent Video Games are the Root Cause of Youth Aggression1157 Words   |  5 Pagesone of the most popular being video games. Video games have come a long way since they were first introduced to the mainstream audience during the 1960’s and 1970’s and have drawn a large amount attraction among people of all ages and culture. However it wasn’t until the Play-station was released that violence became a concern to parents and politics. The level of violence in video ga mes have been in a matter of controversy dating all the way back to the classic games like Pacman and Space InvadersRead MoreArticle Summary : Effect Of Violent Video Games On Youth Aggression1861 Words   |  8 PagesEffect of Violent Video Games on Youth Aggression Beth L. Lynch APUS October 8, 2014 Abstract For many years researchers, parents, and policy makers have been debating the effect of video game violence on levels of youth aggression. In effect, the arguments have been centered on whether or not exposure to violent media has the power to potentiate violence in children, and whether or not this social influence has the ability, barring all other factors, to engender violent behavior inRead MoreDo Violent Video Games Promote Teen Aggression and Violence? 670 Words   |  3 Pagesteenagers playing video games and how it affects the youth mentally. Heavy consumption of violence video games does indeed stimulate a change reaction in the brain waves, but there is no hard evidence stating that those changes causes teenagers to act aggressively and violently. On the contrary, it is a popular beliefs that violence video games does indeed causes teenagers to displayed unpleasant behaviors and actions because that is what they learned and observed from the games. Therefore, parents

Airline Crisis Management on Brand Protection †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Airline Crisis Management on Brand Protection. Answer: Introduction: Being established by the British government in 1974, the British Airway board was created to manage four airway corporations, namely British overseas airways, British European Airways, Cambrian and northeastern airways. Initially, it was a state organization for 13 years. In 1987, the company got privatised (Michael and Richard). The prosperity of British Airways enhanced with the acquisition of Dan-Air, Caledonian and finally British midland international, in the year 2012. Besides that, at that point in time, the mentioned organization stated increasing its resources by buying 59 Airbus A320, 12 Airbus A380 and 24 Boeing 787 dreamliners. Today, the British Airway is the World's third largest company. Technological quality: This quality refers to the technical parameters that help the company to identify its technological parameters. BA is constantly working on the enhancement of its technical qualities like renewals of its aircraft fleet. Functional quality: In order to enhance the satisfaction of its consumers, BA invests a commendable amount onboarding, checking and departure and arrival of the aircraft so that the experience of the consumers is hassle-free and smooth ( Joep and Joep ). Corporate Image: Being a globally renowned airline company, BAs Corporate image is commendable. The company maintains the image by symbolism, behaviour and communication strategies. BA uses the Broad and narrow funnel in order to enhance its competitive advantage. This funnel, used by BA can be divided into 7 phases, namely, Awareness phase, Interest Phase, Evaluation Phase, decision Phase, Purchase Phase, Revolution phase a Repurchase Phase (Albert). Regular Airline Consumers Low cots consumers Consumers can avail compensation in cases like a flight delay or lost baggage. No extra charges apart from the booking charge are paid by the consumers (John). When both low cost and regular airlines use the same airport, the consumers may feel deceived. No such help to the consumers is provided. Several time consumers are compelled to pay charges to avail extra facilities. In case of usage of the same airport, the consumers get benefitted. Europe and UK being the target market of BA, the company detected the several changes in the retail travel sectors and has modified its strategy accordable to retain and enhances its consumer loyalty (Albert). For instance, in order to cope up with the usage of online booking and searching, the company promotes its business through popular social media platforms. BA has implemented the CRM software in order to manage detailed information about its stakeholders and consumers (John). The mentioned software also helps BA to manage reservation, check-ins and checkouts as well as baggage tracking. When it comes to consumers a the ratio of positive and negative feedback about BA is 3:1. A majority of the staffs of the company are found to be satisfied with their work culture and travel facilities. However, BA should concentrate on enhancing the work-life balance of the employees. In order to enhance the satisfaction of the consumers, the company should provide effective training to its cabin staffs as this is found to be the only concern of the consumers (Michael and Richard). Reference list: Cornelissen, Joep, and Joep P. Cornelissen.Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice. Sage (2017): 123-127 Grundy, Michael, and Richard Moxon. "The effectiveness of airline crisis management on brand protection: A case study of British Airways."Journal of Air Transport Management28 (2013): 55-61. Hayes, John.The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan (2014): 34-36 Mills, Albert J. "Cockpits, Hangars, Boys, and Galleys: Corporate Masculinities and the Development of British Airways?."Insights and Research on the Study of Gender and Intersectionality in International Airline Cultures. Emerald Publishing Limited (2017): 237-263.

Internet Issues Essays - Human Rights, Digital Rights, Privacy

Internet Issues Every new technology has raised privacy issues. Today Internet is raising new issues about privacy and security among others. Right now there are many legal and ethical battles going on about the Internet and yet there are not consolidated laws regulating the Internet. In other words the Internet is self-regulated. Many organizations are trying to come up with laws that will regulate the World Wide Web. On the other hand there are private citizens and organizations that argue that the Internet should be self-regulated. The Internet revolution it's starting to overwhelm us. It's antiquating our laws, reshuffling our economy, reordering our priorities and redefining our workplaces. The principles of the actual world are difficult, if not finally impossible, to apply to the Internet. Legislators and citizens are trying to apply the Constitution to the Internet, but the major problem is applying this document to the World Wide Web. For many citizens of the actual world, this is not a problem; they say just apply the constitution as we do to the actual world. For others however, this kind of thinking is part of the problem. Just applying it to a virtual world, they argue, is an unjust application that really, in the long run, cannot be implemented. The ethic of sharing information is a major challenge to what we, in constitutional and economic terms, have considered the very concept of property or proprietary goods to be. Private information has been shared even with out the Internet, but now its easier for organizations to access and collect personal information. Everywhere we look, things are looking back at us, and theyre taking notes. Government and law enforcement agencies are using sophisticated programs to monitor email, and file transfers of both private citizens and organizations. This can't be argued because we cant go against the government. About the private websites that capture every mouse click and report the results to giant direct-marketing databases, is and issue that almost every Internet user is concerned. Many legal battles will go on for the next few years to safeguard consumer sensitive information. Internet is becoming the most efficient tool to gather detailed personal information. This summer the new F inancial Services Modernization Act will allow insurance, security, and banking companies to affiliate and share consumer information such as payments for medical services and entertainment, political, religious and banking and credit card records. Many organizations are arguing about this type of laws that are allowing sharing personal information among them. This is an invasion of privacy for some but right now there are no laws that can protect us from that. The only way to protect us is with programs that will safeguard consumer information. For the next years new improved programs will come up in order to protect the consumer privacy when using the Internet. This is like fighting fire with fire. In some way we need to learn to protect us and deal with it, and educate ourselves about the threats we might find when using the Internet, and the information that web pages gather from us. Protecting children of being exposed to explicit material is a concern of every parent. Today there are programs that filter adult sites such as Net Nanny and Cyber Patrol. These applications are vulnerable because they can't filter all pornographic sites. The way these applications work is by filtering all those sites that contain words like sex included in their websites. Sometimes adult urls have trick names that cannot be filtered by programs. I think this can be solved if all pornographic sites have a pattern in their web site address. Just like they exist .edu for education and .com for commercial, I think a good idea is to have another extension for adult sites, for example .xxx. With this format I think government can regulate adult sites and specialized search engines programs will filter a greater percentage of these sites. Some people would think about forcing Internet service providers (ISP) about being penalize about the content they carry, but ISP are common carries suc h as telephone companies or even bookstores, that are not responsible for the content of the message they carry. The responsibility for any censorship should rests not with

By examining their records, is the government Essay Example

By examining their records, is the government Essay Example By examining their records, is the government Essay By examining their records, is the government Essay By analyzing their records, is the authorities tougher on offense or tougher on the causes of offense? Introduction: In this essay I shall reason, by mention to those policy paperss which promote punitive-based sentencing as penalty, that the current New Labour authorities is really much tough on crime’ . Sing the causes of crime’ , I shall reason that the authorities have been instead less willing to analyze the inquiry of why wrongdoers behave in the manner they do, viz. the causes of offense, and even more loath to analyze possible ways of promoting desistent behavior in condemnable wrongdoers. More optimistically, I shall reason by reasoning that there is some indicant that the authorities is willing to analyze the causes of offense every bit long as such an scrutiny does non sabotage their coincident committedness to punitivism, although in reply to the inquiry posed at the top of this paper, there is no uncertainty that the authorities is presently tougher on offense instead than being tougher on the causes of crime’ . Street fighter on offense? The current what works’ paradigm of condemnable justness: Small demands to be said of New Labour’s current committedness to punitivism ; the government’s committedness to being tough on offense can be seen throughout their policy certification ( Home Office, 2006 ; Home Office, 2006b ) , and is by and large well-known. As Faulkner ( 2007 ) comments, it now seems to be taken for granted, under the current what works’ paradigm of condemnable justness, that all offense should so far as possible be met with penalty. The thought that tribunals could one time ( until the Criminal Justice Act 1991 ) make a probation order as an option to a sentence or penalty now seems really antique. It besides seems to be assumed that penalty has to be in some manner painful if it is to number. That is normally taken to intend prison. A individual is non thought to hold been punished if they walk free from the court’ . That premise has been an obstruction to the usage of community service and other community sentences for the last 30 old ages, and has led to relentless and in the terminal self-defeating efforts to do those sentences tougher’ by adding more and more conditions and by implementing them of all time more strictly. Street fighter on the causes of offense? A new desistence paradigm of wrongdoer direction? Constructing upon his earlier reappraisal of the empirical research [ McNeill ( 2003 ) on Burnett ( 1992 ) , Rex ( 1999 ) , Maruna ( 2001 ) and Farrall ( 2002 ) ] , the influences of Anthony Duff’s penal communicating theory ( Duff, 2001 ) , the new rehabilitationist’ motion ( Lewis, 2005 ) and empirical grounds back uping the practical necessity of certain manners of ethical pattern, a recent article by Furgus McNeill proposes a convincing normative instance for a new desistence paradigm’ of wrongdoer management’ ( McNeill, 2006 ) . Desistence theory, upon which this new paradigm is based, suggests that it is cardinal to the purpose of wrongdoer rehabilitation to understand the psychological procedures which can take a human being to alter the manner they behave ( McNeill, 2006 ) . In visible radiation of the Government’s go oning committedness to cut downing re-offending, it is surprising that desistence research has had such a hushed impact on policy and pattern, to day of the month ( McNeill, 2006 ) . Whilst it is apprehensible that such an attack might good be seen to sabotage New Labour’s coincident committedness to protecting the Law-abiding Majority’ through tougher punitory sentencing ( Home Office, 2006b ) , whether in the signifier of tutelary or community-based penalty, and therefore be seen to run beyond the rigorous competencies of criminology and forensic psychological science ( Maguire, 2004 ) , the fact is that piquing behavior is an immediate societal and political concern ; short-run embedded’ criminology can merely travel so far in postponing these built-in jobs ( Bruno walters, 2006 ) , and if condemnable behavior is to be efficaciously reformed, and recidivism reduced, soby and largeto disregard the intuitive strength of a well supported theoretical and empirical philosophy, such as that provided by desistence research ( Maruna, LeBel, 2003 ) , must be considered irresponsible. Despite this muted’ and non-general’ acknowledgment, there have been indicants that the current punitive-based what works’ paradigmiswilling to prosecute withcertainfacets of desistance theory ( accent added ) , every bit long as such developments do non necessitate the authorities to sabotage their increasing committedness to punitivismaˆ a committedness which has been described by Thomas-Peter ( 2006 ) as the new intolerance’ . For illustration, the recent successes of renewing justness techniques with grownup wrongdoers ( Sherman, 2007 ) , have been endorsed in the government’s 5 Year Strategy for Protecting the Public and Reducing Re-Offending’ ( Home Office, 2006 ) , which proposes to increase the use’ of such techniques at any phase in the condemnable justness system’ , every bit long as these are used alongside otherpenaltieslike prison or community sentences’ ( Home Office, 2006 ) . The really processes involv ed in renewing justness techniques needfully involve an scrutiny of the procedures of human desistence, such as the effects of shame and guilt ( Tangney Mashek Stuewig, 2006 ) , or reintegrative’ and disintegrative’ shaming ( Braithwait, 1989 ) , and this development must hence be welcomed by the desistance research worker ( McNeill, 2006 ) . Such a development can merely function to gnaw the bing boundaries of criminogenics, which many research workers feel to be based upon misleading’ , arbitrary’ or crude’ differentiations ( Towl, 2004 ; Crighton, 2006, Thomas-Peter, 2006 ) . If the authorities accept that considerations of shame and guilt might hold a function in modern condemnable justness policy, so it is merely a affair of clip before empirical research, such as that conducted by Morrison and Gilbert ( 2001 ) to look into the relationship between ego regard and shame, will function to broaden the boundaries of the criminogenic paddockâ€℠¢ ( Thomas-Peter, 2006 ) . Similarly, the government’s committedness to community sentencing, and more encouragingly, their recent proposal to present going-straight’ contracts between young person wrongdoers and the freshly integrated Prison and Probation Services ( Home Office, 2006 ) , demonstrate that the current paradigm of condemnable justnessiswillingto prosecute with scrutinies of the procedures of behavioral alteration,every bit long asany ensuing reforms can be accompanied by punitory countenance: as stated in the Five Year Scheme: we know that the best opportunity of anwrongdoer alteringcomes when they want to make it’ ( Home Office, 2006 ) . This peculiar facet of desistence theory has been examined at length by Burnett ( 1992 ) , who found that whilst 80 % of the wrongdoers interviewed in her survey expressed a desire to go-straight’ , merely 40 % really managed to accomplish their anticipations. Whether or non the authorities is hence right to trust so to a great exten t on this peculiar facet of the process of change’ is neither here nor at that place ; whatisof import is that this attack demonstrates that considerations of desistence will non be ignored so long as they do non significantly undermine the carrot on the stick’ paradigm upon which New Labour have based the bulk of their condemnable justness policy [ and pattern ] to day of the month ( Maruna, LeBel, 2003 ) . Decision: In decision, the current New Labour authorities is surely tougher on offense than on the causes of offense, but at that placecanbe seen an increasing willingness to analyze thewhereforeandthereforesof condemnable behavior, a willingness which seems to bespeak that the authorities is get downing to concentrate more to a great extent on the causes of offense, although there is no coincident indicant that they are be aftering to release their house committedness to punitivism and their tough stance on condemnable behavior in general! Mentions: Braithwaite, J. ( 1989 ) . Crime Shame and Reintegration. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. Burnett, Ros ( 1992 ) The Dynamics of Recidivism. Oxford: University of Oxford Centre for Criminological Research. Duff, Anthony ( 2001 ) Punishment, Communication and Community. New York: Oxford University Press. Faulkner, D. ( 2007, forthcoming ) . Prospects for Progress in Penal Reform. To be published in Crime and Criminal Justice. Harper, G and Chitty, C. ( 2005 ) The Impact of Corrections on Re-offending: A Review of What Works’ , Home Office Research Study 291, London, Home Office. HM Inspectorate of Probation ( 2006 ) An Independent Review of a Serious Further Offence Case, Damien Hanson and Clifford White and Anthony Rice, an Independent Review of a Serious Further Offence Case, London, HM Inspectorate of Probation. Home Office ( 2006 ) A Five Year Scheme for Protecting the Public and Reducing Re-offending, CM 6717, London, Home Office. Home Office ( 2006b ) Rebalancing the condemnable justness system in favor of the observant bulk. London, Home Office. Lewis, Sam ( 2005 ) . Rehabilitation: Headline or Footnote in the New Penal Policy? ’ Probation Journal 52 ( 2 ) : 119–36. Maguire, J. ( 2004 ) . Commentary: Promising replies, and the following coevals of inquiries. Psychology, Crime and Law. Volume 10 ( 3 ) , 335-45. Maruna, Shadd ( 2001 ) Making Good. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Maruna, Shadd and Thomas LeBel 2003.Welcome Home? Analyzing the Reentry Court Concept from a Strengths-based Perspective. Western Criminology Review 4 ( 2 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //wcr.sonoma.edu/v4n2/marunalebel.html McNeill, Fergus ( 2003 ) Desistance-Focused Probation Practice’ , in W.-H. Chui and M. Nellis ( explosive detection systems ) Traveling Probation Forward: Evidence, Arguments and Practice, pp. 146–62. Harlean carpenter: Pearson Longman. Fergus McNeill A desistance paradigm for wrongdoer direction. Criminology and Criminal Justice, Vol. 6, No. 1, 39-62 ( 2006 ) Penny, Greg ( 1991 ) Virtue Theory’ , in P. Singer ( ed. ) A Companion Guide to Ethical motives, pp. 249–58. Oxford: Blackwell. Sherman A ; Strang, ( 2007 ) . Renewing Justice: the grounds. The Smith Institute. Available online at hypertext transfer protocol: //www.smith-institute.org.uk/pdfs/RJ_full_report.pdf Thomas-Peter, ( 2006 ) . Modern Context of Psychology in Corrections. In Psychological Research in Prisons, Towl, G. ( 2006 ) pp24-39. Blackwell Publishing. Towl, G. ( 2004 ) . Applied Psychological Services in HM Prison Service and the National Probation Service. In A.P.C. Needs and G. Towl ( Eds ) , Using Psychology to Forensic Practice. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Bruno walters, R. ( 2006 ) Embedded Criminology and Knowledges of Resistance’ , in Brannigan, A. and Pavlich, G. ( explosive detection systems ) Critical Studies in Social Sciences. Wilan Publishing. Ward, T. A ; Stewart, C. ( 2003 ) . Criminogenic demands and human demands: A theoretical theoretical account. Psychology, Crime A ; Law, 9 ( 2 ) , 125–143.

Sentence Length - Definition, Examples, Recommendations

Sentence Length s, Recommendations Definition In English grammar, sentence length refers to the number of words in a sentence. Most readability formulas use the number of words in a sentence to measure its difficulty. Yet in some cases, a short sentence can be harder to read than a long one. Comprehension can sometimes be facilitated by longer sentences, especially those that contain coordinate structures. Contemporary style guides generally recommend varying the length of sentences to avoid monotony and achieve appropriate emphasis.   See Examples and Observations below. Also, see: Sentence VarietyBasic Sentence Structures in EnglishE.B. Whites Exercise in Sentence Length and VarietyEuphonyParagraph LengthThe Rhythm of Prose, by Robert Ray LorantSentence Variety in Alice Walkers Am I Blue?Sentence Variety in Thurbers Life and Hard TimesStyleWhat Is a Sentence?What Is Sentence Combining and How Does It Work? Examples and Observations When the great orator William Jennings Bryan accepted the Democratic nomination for president in 1896, the average length of a sentence in his speech was 104 words. Today, the average length of a sentence in a political speech is less than 20 words. Were simply in an age of directness and making our point more quickly.  (Bob Elliot and Kevin Carroll, Make Your Point! AuthorHouse, 2005)Varying your sentence length is much more important than varying your sentence pattern if you want to produce clear, interesting, readable prose.  (Gary A. Olson et al., Style and Readability in Business Writing: A Sentence-Combining Approach. Random House, 1985) Examples of Varied Sentence Length: Updike, Bryson, and Wodehouse That laugh said a strange thing. It said, This is fun. Baseball is meant to be fun, and not all the solemn money men in fur-collared greatcoats, not all the scruffy media cameramen and sour-faced reporters that crowd around the dugouts can quite smother the exhilarating spaciousness and grace of this impudently relaxed sport, a game of innumerable potential redemptions and curious disappointments. This is fun.  (John Updike, The First Kiss. Hugging the Shore: Essays and Criticism. Knopf, 1983)One of the great myths of life is that childhood passes quickly. In fact, because time moves more slowly in Kid Worldfive times more slowly in a classroom on a hot afternoon, eight times more slowly on any car journey of more than five miles (rising to eighty-six times more slowly when driving across Nebraska or Pennsylvania lengthwise), and so slowly during the last week before birthdays, Christmases, and summer vacations as to be functionally immeasurableit goes on for decades when measured in adult terms. It is an adult life that is over in a twinkling. (Bill Bryson, The Life and Times of the Thunderbolt Kid. Broadway Books, 2006)The young mans judgment was one at which few people with an eye for beauty would have cavilled. When the great revolution against Londons ugliness really starts and yelling hordes of artists and architects, maddened beyond endurance, finally take the law into their own hands and rage through the city burning and destroying, Wallingford Street, West Kensington, will surely not escape the torch. Long since it must have been marked down for destruction. For, though it possesses certain merits of a low practical kind, being inexpensive in the matter of rents and handy for the buses and the Underground, it is a peculiarly beastly little street. Situated in the middle of one of those districts where London breaks out into a sort of eczema of red brick, it consists of two parallel rows of semi-detached villas all exactly alike, each guarded by a rag ged evergreen hedge, each with coloured glass of an extremely regrettable nature let into the panels of the front door; and sensitive young impressionists from the artists colony up Holland Park way may sometimes be seen stumbling through it with hands over their eyes, muttering between clenched teeth How long? How long?  (P.G. Wodehouse, Leave It to Psmith, 1923) Ursula Le Guin on Short and Long Sentences Teachers trying to get school kids to write clearly, and journalists with their weird rules of writing, have filled a lot of heads with the notion that the only good sentence is a short sentence.This is true for convicted criminals.Very short sentences, isolated or in a series, are terrifically effective in the right place. Prose consisting entirely of short, syntactically simple sentences is monotonous, choppy, a blunt instrument. If short-sentence prose goes on very long, whatever its content, the thump-thump beat gives it a false simplicity that soon just sounds dumb. See Spot. See Jane. See Spot bite Jane...As Strunk and White say, variety in sentence length is whats needed. All short will sound stupid. All long will sound stuffy.In revision, you can consciously check for variety, and if youve fallen into a thumping of all short sentences or a wambling of all long ones, change them to achieve a varied rhythm and pace.  (Ursula Le Guin, Steering the Craft: Exercises and Discussi ons on Story Writing for the Lone Navigator or the Mutinous Crew. Eighth Mountain Press, 1998) Dont Just Write Words. Write Music. This sentence has five words. Here are five more words. Five-word sentences are fine. But several together become monotonous. Listen to what is happening. The writing is getting boring. The sound of it drones. Its like a stuck record. The ear demands some variety. Now listen. I vary the sentence length, and I create music. Music. The writing sings. It has a pleasant rhythm, a lilt, a harmony. I use short sentences. And I use sentences of medium length. And sometimes, when I am certain the reader is rested, I will engage him with a sentence of considerable length, a sentence that burns with energy and builds with all the impetus of a crescendo, the roll of the drums, the crash of the cymbalssounds that say listen to this, it is important.So write with a combination of short, medium, and long sentences. Create a sound that pleases the readers ear. Dont just write words. Write music.  (Gary Provost, 100 Ways to Improve Your Writing. Mentor, 1985) Sentence Length in Technical Writing Sometimes sentence length affects the quality of the writing. In general, an average of 15 to 20 words is effective for most technical communication. A series of 10-word sentences would be choppy. A series of 35-word sentences would probably be too demanding. And a succession of sentences of approximately the same length would be monotonous.In revising a draft, use your software to compute the average sentence length of a representative passage. (Mike Markel, Technical Communication, 9th ed. Bedford/St Martins, 2010) Sentence Length in Legal Writing Keep your average sentence length to about 20 words. The length of your sentences will determine the readability of your writing as much as any other quality. Thats why readability formulas rely so heavily on sentence length.Not only do you want a short average; you also need variety. That is, you should have some 35-word sentences and some 3-word sentences, as well as many in between. But monitor your average, and work hard to keep it to about 20 words. (Bryan A. Garner, Legal Writing in Plain English. University of Chicago Press, 2001) Sentence Length and Polysyndeton To dwell in a city which, much as you grumble at it, is after all very fairly a modern city; with crowds and shops and theatres and cafes and balls and receptions and dinner parties, and all the modern confusion of social pleasures and pains; to have at your door the good and evil of it all; and yet to be able in half an hour to gallop away and leave it a hundred miles, a hundred years, behind, and to look at the tufted broom glowing on a lonely tower-top in the still blue air, and the pale pink asphodels trembling none the less for the stillness, and the shaggy-legged shepherds leaning on their sticks in motionless brotherhood with the heaps of ruin, and the scrambling goats and staggering little kids treading out wild desert smells from the top of hollow-sounding mounds; and then to come back through one of the great gates and a couple of hours later find yourself in the world, dressed, introduced, entertained, inquiring, talking about Middlemarch to a young English lady or listeni ng to Neapolitan songs from a gentleman in a very low-cut shirtall this is to lead in a manner a double life and to gather from the hurrying hours more impressions than a mind of modest capacity quite knows how to dispose of. (Henry James, Italian Hours, 1909) The Lighter Side of Sentence Length Writers who wish to impart to their productions power and pungency, who wish to keep the readers attention upon the tiptoe of activity, who desire to escape the imputation of pedantry and who seek to surcharge their sentiments with sparkle and spirit, will do well to bear in mind constantly that long, lingering sentences, unduly overburdened with an abundance of phrases, clauses, and parenthetical observations of a more or less digressive character, are apt to be tiresome to the reader, especially if the subject matter be at all profound or ponderous, to place an undue strain upon his powers of concentration and to leave him with a confused concept of the ideas which the writer apparently has been at great pains to concentrate, while short, snappy sentences, on the other hand, with the frequent recurrence of subject and predicate, thus recalling and emphasizing the idea to be expressed as the development of the thought proceeds, like numerous signposts upon an untraveled road, these frequent breaks having the effect of taking a new hold upon the readers attention, oases in the desert of words, as it were, will be found to be much more effective, much more conducive to clarity, and far better calculated to preserve the contact, the wireless connection, so to speak, between the writer and the reader, provided, however, and it is always very easy to err through a too strict and too literal application of a general rule, that the sentences are not so short as to give a jerky, choppy, and sketchy effect and to scatter the readers attention so often as to send him wool-gathering completely. (Ellis O. Jones, comic playwright, anti-war activist, and editor of the original Life magazine. Reprinted in The Writer, December 1913)

Proposed change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Proposed change - Essay Example that hand, hygiene is universally acknowledged by several organization such as, World Health Organization (W.H.O), and Center for Disease Control (C.D.C), as the main requirement for cross infection. The effect the following strategies will be employed to ensure that hand hygiene is implemented to the letter to control cross infection (White, 2012pp.304) Several communication strategies will be employed to ensure that hand hygiene is not only initiated but also complied and strongly adhered to. Firstly, hand hygiene will be made a policy before any procedure is done to the patient or on anything since cross infection come in any form. This will form a breech in any case the policies on hand hygiene that are written and communicated to staff are end up reneged. By doing this, discipline will be instilled to the staff that just decide to be reckless. Another area that is important to ensure effective communication is by examining the organizational or institutional culture for this case is the hospital. Organization culture plays a pivotal role in facilitating and supporting effective communication across. In this case, communication should have open channels; there should be transparency and trust. This will ensure mutual trust between those who are the target of communication. The objective is to change their habitual character of poor hand hygiene. Still on the organization culture, there is a need to have leadership support. Health care teams need strong leadership to ensure that whatever is communicated is implemented. The policies and procedure earlier communicated will only be implemented if only there is strong leadership. Strategy here is strengthening the organizational leadership first. On the education of the health care team, the educator must do the following as the strategy of giving a thoughtful education to the health care staff to have an impact on implementing hand hygiene. One there must be a clearly stated links between the communication and

Exploring Your Ethnicity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Exploring Your Ethnicity - Essay Example This is rather sad given this is of postmodernity. Diversity can be sourced from gender, ethnic, culture and race. As such, given these numerous sources of diversity it is appalling to realize that some people have not adapted to the presence of other persons who are somewhat different. Such is the fate of people who do not conform to this status quo. True to this assertion, this paper endeavours to explicate on my ethnic diversity. This is in the sense that I am from Saudi Arabia. As such, I am well placed to expound on this subject of ethnic diversity. In addition, I will expound on my experiences in a foreign country. Ethnic diversity is an intrinsic element of society. As such, it should be placed in high regard. I am an Arab. More specifically, I am a Native Saudi Arabian. I was born in Saudi Arabia same as my whole family. Coming from a nation state that is largely, if not wholly, of Arabian descent, I rarely witnessed cases of diversity. This is because the variation in ethnic ity in Saudi Arabia is all but trivial. Additionally, the immigrants in Saudi Arabia are inconsequential in number. As such, all my life I have never found myself in a situation that offers me the opportunity to interact with various people of diverse origins. In such a circumstance, it is highly probable that the first interaction with an environment that is characterized by diversity and disparity will culminate in unwarranted reactions. However, this does not mean that I reacted harshly when I entered this country. Rather to the contrary, given the academic opportunity availed to me via the educational system existing in this country, I more than appreciate this country. Given this fact, it is sad to realize that the feeling is not reciprocated wholesomely. This translates to mean that, not all people react suspetingly to my presence. However, the select few are worth highlighting. Prior to coming to this country, I sought the input of my relatives. A majority of them were agains t this idea. However, head strong as I am, I ventured to partake in this journey of furthering my academic ambitions. This was made easier by the support of my direct family. On coming here, I began to understand the reservations harbored by my relatives concerning my journey to America. However, irrespective of this, I was not raised to be a passive individual. The fear of discrimination owing to my ethnicity should not impede on my academic ambitions. True to the characteristics of the Arab people, who traversed the globe in search of trading merchandise, I have in an intrinsic need to be oblivious of the element of distance. Given that I do not want to live in America on a permanent basis, this somewhat solidifies my beliefs on the importance of distance. As such, the negative assertions by strangers on the American streets will not deter or dissuade me from achieving the academic goals I have set for myself. Saudi Arabia is ethnically Arab. This ethnicity is the generalization o f people from, the Arab peninsula and their subsequent descendants (Lewis, 1993). Each region in the country has various variations of Arabs, albeit minimal variation. There are African and Asian people also living in Saudi Arabia (Hourani, 1991). However, a significant majority of these are Muslims. Unlike the ethnic variation that is significantly present in the United States, Saudi Arabia is by law, characterized by a purely natural Muslim population. So much

Student Teacher Essay Example for Free

Student Teacher Essay The relationship that a teacher and student share is of trust, respect and devotion. Teachers influence their students by shaping their rational and moral virtues and hence, play an important role in molding the society as a whole. The education system of ancient India and Greece shared some common characteristics. In both cultures, teachers and their disciples conglomerated at specific places earmarked for educational purposes. This is where students gained both spiritual and material education from their teachers. All ancient societies functioned according to a set of moral codes and social hierarchy and teachers were at the apex of the social system. During this time, teachers were revered and considered as equivalent to Gods. Students were completely devoted to their teachers and were willing to fulfill all the responsibilities, conferred upon them by their teachers, unflinchingly. One of the quintessential examples of student teacher relationship is that of Chanakya and Chandra-Gupta Maurya. With the passage of time however, the ancient tradition of conglomerating at educational places ceased to exist in its original form and was replaced by more modern practices of schools, colleges and universities. However, the respect paid to teachers is still the same. even in this modern era, teachers share a close emotional attachment with their students. The ancient history of education systems is rife with several examples of great student teacher relationships such as Socrates-Plato, Plato-Aristotle etc. It is beyond the scope of dubiety that teachers, since ages, have played a major role in the life of an individual and his/her overall upbringing. Teachers are the beacons of light that lead people to success and glory. They are the ones who recognize the talents of their students and encourage them to move further and assist them in reaching the zenith of their potential. Let us dedicate this Teachers day to all those teachers who, through their talent, patience, wisdom and astute judgment of character, shaped the fates of many individuals who influenced the society as a whole. Go through this section and understand the kind of relationship that many of the historys famous students and teachers shared. These great teachers and their students have influenced human philosophies and ideologies since ancient times. Read the kind of relationship these student-teacher duos shared. Certainly, it will be a great experience to learn about those great souls with an insight on how they influenced their students lives and the whole mankind. Plato The Wonderful Teacher Plato was a classical Greek philosopher and mathematician. He was a student of Socrates, the founder of the Academy in Athens and a well-known Greek scholar who is renowned for his philosophies. Plato, along with Socrates, played a vital role in laying foundations of Western philosophy and science. Plato was a highly sophisticated writer and his works demonstrate this. Though the exact place and time of his birth is unknown, it is certain that he belonged to an aristocratic family. According to most of the scholars, Plato was born between 429 and 423 BC. His father, Ariston, is believed to be a descendent of the king of Athens and the king of Messenia. Platos mother, Perictione, also belonged to an aristocratic family which boasted of close connections with the famous Athenian lawmaker and lyric poet, Solon. According to Diogenes Laà «rtius, biographer of Greek philosophers, Plato was named as Aristocles but, his wrestling trainer called him Platon, a Greek word meaning broad. Plato learned grammar, music and gymnastics from the most eminent teachers of his time. He travelled to many places like Italy, Sicily, egypt and Cyrene. He returned to his hometown Athens at the age of 40 after which he founded the Academy, one of the earliest known organized schools in Western civilization. There are various speculations related to Platos death. One version states that he died on his bed, while other states that he died during a marriage feast. Aristotle The Lofty Student Aristotle was a famous Greek philosopher whose expertise was not confined just to philosophy but, extended to various other subjects like physics, metaphysics, biology, zoology, music, theater, logic, linguistics, politics and government. He was rightly named Aristotle which literally means the best purpose. Aristotle was born to Nicomachus, who himself was a physician to King Amyntas of Macedon. Thus, Aristotle was born, brought up, and educated as a member of the aristocratic society. He attended Platos Academy at the age of eighteen and remained there for about twenty years. It is said that he left the academy after Platos death, disappointed with the decision of making Platos nephew, Speusippus, his successor at the Academy. By 335 BC, Aristotle established a new school, Lyceum and conducted courses for the next twelve years. Aristotle got married to Pythias and she died after some years of togetherness. He then married Herpyllis and had a son Nicomachus, who was named after Aristotles father. He studied almost every subject known at that time. He was so passionate about exploring new areas of knowledge that not only did he master many subjects, but also made many significant contributions to most of the domains. He is famous for his major contributions like theory of universals, classical elements, potentiality and actuality, causality, four causes, chances and spontaneity, observations on electric fish and catfish and writings on octopus, sepia and paper nautilus. Apply yourself both now and in the next life. Without effort, you cannot be prosperous. Though the land be good, you cannot have an abundant crop without cultivation. These golden words come from a person who is still revered for his great philosophies. Yes, Plato had a very practical outlook on life. He believed in human skills but insisted that people must put great effort and use their skills for the good of the entire mankind. Plato respected his teacher, the famous philosopher, Socrates very much and he propagated most of his teachers philosophy through his works. Many scholars consider Platos dialogues as the most comprehensive accounts of Socratess Philosophy. It would be great to learn about the life and contribution of this highly eminent teacher-student duo, especially, on such a wonderful day like Teachers Day. Read further to know about their life and the kind of relationship they shared. Socrates Socrates was a classical Greek Athenian Philosopher. He is revered as one of the founders of Western philosophy. Interestingly, he had not penned any philosophical works. His philosophies were propagated through the works of his students like Plato and Xenophon. The details of this great philosophers life can be found from three sources Platos and Xenophons dialogues and Aristophaness plays. Aristophanes, in his play, The Clouds, depicts Socrates as a clown who teaches his students to hoodwink their way out of the debt. Aristophaness works are famous for their parody style of presentation and hence, this characterization is also considered as parodic. According to Platos works, Socrates was born to Sophroniscus and his wife Phaenarete. Socrates married Xanthippe, who was much younger to him. The couple had three sons, Lamprocles, Sophroniscus and Menexenus. According to the ancient texts, Socrates did not work and hence, how he earned a living is still not clear. Though Aristophanes, The Clouds, Socrates is said to have accepted fees for teaching. However according to Plato and Xenophon, he never accepted any fees or remuneration. Socrates criticized democracy and claimed loyalty to his city and went against the normal course of Athenian politics and democracy. It is believed that his attempts to improve the Athenian sense of Justice was not accepted but was severely criticized and this could probably be the reason that he was sentenced to death. He was accused of corrupting the minds of the youth in Athens. He was asked to drink a mixture containing poison hemlock and was executed this way. Plato Plato, the classical Greek philosopher and mathematician, was a student of Socrates and the founder of the Academy in Athens. Socrates was popular for his philosophies. Plato was one of the most famous students of Socrates and he, along with Socrates, played a vital role in laying foundations of Western philosophy and science. Platos high sophistication of writing is evident in his works. There is no dependable source of information regarding the exact place and time of his birth but, it is certain that he belonged to an aristocratic family. However, depending on the most popular scholars, he was born between 429 and 423 BC to an aristocratic family. Ariston, Platos father, is believed to have been the son of the king of Athens and the king of Messenia. Platos mother, Perictione also belonged to an aristocratic family. He was not originally named as Plato but as Aristocles. He was called Plato for the first time by his wrestling trainer, who called him Platon, a Greek word which meaning broad. Plato was trained in various subjects like grammar, music and gymnastics from the most eminent teachers of his time. Plato travelled a lot. He had visited many places like Italy, Sicily, egypt and Cyrene. However, he returned to his hometown Athens and founded the Academy, one of the earliest known organized schools in Western civilization. The exact place and cause of death of this great philosopher is not clear, there are various speculations related to his death. According to one version, he died on his bed, while other states that he died during a marriage feast. The Teacher-Student Duo Socrates and Plato were very close to each other, and Plato was very much influenced by Socrates philosophies. Platos works have been considered as one of the major sources of Socrates philosophies. According to Platos work Apology of Socrates, he had mentioned that Socrates considered Plato as one of the youths close to him. Socrates, on his speech regarding his death sentence, asked the public that if he had corrupted the youth. And if so, why then Platos and any of the other youths fathers did not have any problem with him. However, Plato was not present at the prison on Socratess last day. According to historical sources, Plato was ill that day.

Role of Women in Shakespears The Taming of the Shrew :: The Taming of the Shrew

Role of Women in The Taming of the Shrew "The Taming of the Shrew" is a great example of Shakespear's use of women. Shakespeare indeed does transcend the stereotypes of his own time. In Shakespeare's, "The Taming of the Shrew" the relationship between the sisters Katherine and Bianca appears to be strained with rampant jealousy. Both daughters fight for the attentions of their father. In twisted parallel roles, they take turns being demure and hag-like. Father of the two, Baptista Minola, fusses with potential suitors for young Bianca and will not let them come calling until his elder, ill-tempered daughter Katherine is married. The reader is to assume that meek, mild-mannered, delicate Bianca is wasting away while her much older, aging, brutish sister torments the family with her foul tongue. Katherine seems to hold resentment toward Bianca. Her father favors Bianca over Katherine and keeps them away from each others' torment. When gentlemen come calling, Bianca cowers behind her father and Katherine speaks up for herself. "I pray you sir, is it your will to make a stale of me amongst these mates?" (1.1.57-58) Bianca and Katherine dislike each other feverishly. Katherine torments Bianca with words and physical harm. She binds her hands, pulls her hair then brings her forth to her father and the gentlemen callers. Bianca denies liking any of the visitors and portrays herself an innocent that merely wants to learn and obey her elders. She says, "Sister, content you in my discontent to your pleasure humbly I subscribe. My books and instruments shall be my company, on them to look and practise by myself." (1.1.80-84) Because Katherine speaks freely and asserts herself she is labeled as "shrewish." When Hortensio describes her to Petruccio, he spews out that she is "renowned in Padua for her scolding tongue." ( 1.2.96) He gilds the lily further by clearly telling of her fair fortune if suitable man comes courting and wins her hand in marriage. Petruccio sees dollar signs and rushes onwards in grand dress and fluently gestures to court the gracious "Kate." When he first begins his ritual of winning the family and Katheri ne to his love, he is seeking his fortune in her dowry. The mention of her being at all undesirable does not put rocks in his path.

Marxist and Neoclassical Economics

Marx's economic theories mainly deal with the comparison and contrast between Marxism and Capitalism. Karl Marx had many theories that dealt with many different aspects of society. This concept deals with the exploitation of workers and the components involved in production. The first part of Marx's value of labour theory deals with commodities. Commodities are defined as an object outside of us, a thing that by its properties satisfies human wants of some sort or another (Miliband, 1977, 243). These commodities have different values and according to Marx every commodity has two values: exchange value and use value. The use value of a commodity refers to the fact that is has some sort of use; it serves some purpose or meets some want. Every commodity must have a use or it has no value and is not a commodity. Exchange value refers to the ratio at which a commodity can be exchanged with another. In certain quantities all commodities can be exchanged for other commodities (Miliband, 1977, 254). Even the most worthless commodity, when taken in big enough quantities, can be exchanged for the most valuable of commodities. For example, a large quantity of corn or apples can be exchanged for a diamond. The next part of Marx's theory deal with the values of the labour. Marx argued that what commodities all have in common is the fact that they are all products of human labour. It is human labour that has created them and it is the amount of human labour that goes into them that determines value. Karl Marx's labour theory of value asserts that the value of an object is solely a result of the labour expended to produce it. According to this theory, the more labour or labour time that goes into an object, the more it is worth. Marx defined value as â€Å"consumed labour time†, and stated that â€Å"all goods, considered economically, are only the product of labour and cost nothing except labour†(Parekh, 1982, 386). One crucial element of classical political economy that was eventually displaced in the neoclassical revolution of the nineteenth century was the idea that labour was a primary or even exclusive determinant of value. Now, readings of Marx that posit him either as the last of the great classicals or as the leading left-wing critic of classical political economy often share the claim that Marx extracted from the classicals the view that labour is the sole source of value. Marx is applauded for his consistent formulation of a labour theory of value and, thus, for his adherence to the view that social relations of production determine the distribution of social labour and the value and exchange-value of commodities. That is, as for many other Marxists, the fact that individuals may desire beings and motivated in their economic behaviours by instinct, affection, emotion, and so forth is relegated to the status of secondary phenomena insofar as the determination of value, the social allocation of labour, and the distribution of income and wealth are involved. For many Marxists, the essential causes of economic activity are labour and production. Thus, the labouring body, rendered in some versions of this story as a truly trans-historical corporeal entity, is given pride of place in establishing the conditions for that which is uniquely human and thereby economic. This ‘productionist’ bias of Marxists has constituted the grounds by which Marxism has discursively ignored or excluded libido, excess, and true expenditure in the economic theory to which it has given rise. (Resnick, 2001, 56-60) Contemporary Marxian critics in the field of economics, then, often prefer to resurrect the nineteenth-century debates over the correct attribution of value to either ‘subjective’ desire or ‘objective’ labour. Their critique of neoclassical theory devolves on the claim that the bourgeois individualism, naturalism, and arcane abstraction consequent upon the use of axiomatic formulations in neoclassicism obscure the true (McCloskey, 2003, 12-14) conditions under which economic activities and institutions arise. Whereas production is viewed as ubiquitous across epochs and geographical boundaries, desire and utility maximization are seen as limited in historical importance to capitalist societies and, even there, they are more a consequence of a hegemonic false consciousness imposed by the self-promotion of the bourgeoisie (for example, to hide the ‘fact’ of exploitation or to explain away the waste and inefficiency of unplanned markets) than the objective conditions of life under capitalism. The modernism of much Marxism consists, at least partly, in its insistence in finding an ontological referent for the essential cause – labour – that emerges in Marxian economics as the source of value. The labouring body and the conditions of work, then, take precedence in everything from determining the nature of subjectivity (the individual who produces him/herself in the course of participating in social labour) and estimating the ‘good life’ (the elimination of alienation in work) to the primacy of certain struggles in the movements to transform and move beyond capitalism. Comparison and Contrast Karl Marx set the wheels of modern Communism and Socialism in motion with his writings in the late nineteenth century. In collaboration with his friend, Fredrich Englels, he produced the Communist Manifesto, written in 1848. Many failed countries' political and economic structures have been based on Marx's theories. That is why he is known as on of the most influential people of the history of the world. Marxism in its various forms has affected the world greatly throughout time. Both World Wars have involved communist countries to a great extent. Communism has gone wrong in many countries, with the state turning into an authoritarian one, with a few people at the top abusing their power for their own personal gain, at the expense of the other members of the public. (England, 1993, 37-53) Rather than codifying the classicals’ labouring body as a first principle, Marx can be said to have disrupted the order of the body established in classical political economy and in much Marxism. For us, Marx is not the inventor of a new anthropology (his work, we believe along with Althusser, represents a sharp rupture from the humanist anthropology that preceded – and, in the pretensions of the early neoclassicals, followed – him). Briefly stated, we view Marx’s contributions to be more along the lines of presenting the human body as a register of class and other economic and social processes, a place where the effects of capitalism are largely inscribed, rather than the site of the privileged origin (through labour) of subjectivity, agency, or socioeconomic relations. In other words, the body that Marx presents in his writings is over determined and has no centre or essential unity other than that which is the effect of the historical conditions of production, consumption, circulation, distribution, and so forth. In this sense, the body in Marx’s work is closer to some current neoclassical renditions, at least insofar as it is differentiated, dispersed, and brought to temporary unity by specific productions rather than by the presumption of its essentiality. (Cohen, 1978, 110-14) The problem, then, for some of the Marxian critics of neoclassical theory is that the story they prefer revives a view of the body and subjectivity that are fully part of the modernist project to promote an overarching and exhaustive notion of ‘man’. In this regard, the post-modern moments of Marxism are suppressed and the affinity that Marxists may have with other developments within which the humanism of the classicals is finally displaced is largely ignored. (Blaug, 1992, 319-22) To put this otherwise, the retention of the labouring body as prime cause of social and economic relations does little to undermine the humanist essentialism that, purportedly, many Marxists have been at pains to attack over the course of the last century. While recent neoclassicals and Marxists may make absurd bed mates, there is a sense in which Marxists can augment rather than blunt their attacks on bourgeois social order by acknowledging the fragmentation of the human body and the dismemberment of theoretical humanism that may have been accomplished by some neoclassicals. (Ollman, 1995, 201-10) A similar issue confronts post-Keynesian critics of neoclassical economics. Instead of using their trenchant questioning of the notions of certainty (and of probabilistic certainty), rationality, and much else that still abounds within neoclassical theory, together with their own exploration of the significance and effects of uncertainty, as the initial steps in decentring the body, post-Keynesian economists have largely resisted such a move. As we see it, the ‘radical uncertainty’ (de Marchi, 2001, 86-90) originally focused on by Keynes and now embraced by post-Keynesian economists has the potential of disrupting the modernist unity of the body, for example, by severing the necessary connection between, the presumed sequence of, some set of initial anticipations and the actions of economic agents as well as by ‘relativizing’ even the recognition of the degrees and forms of certain and uncertain knowledge on the part of those agents, making uncertainty into a variable and heterogeneous constituent and effect of bodily capabilities and orders. (Amariglio, 1994, 7-35) Conclusion Up to the end of the nineteenth century, the sensible presence of the monetary substance (gold, silver) which guaranteed more or less directly the value of the circulating sign, could lead us to forget that money was also a sign. The gold-standard system implied the circulation of gold by itself or the free convertibility of bank-notes into gold. And this, according to a creed which was almost unanimously shared by all economists and statesmen of the nineteenth century, regardless of their nationality, their religious beliefs, or philosophical opinions: ‘banknotes have value only because they represent gold’. Marx himself denied the possibility or the legitimacy of money which would be a mere sign. For him, the backing by commodity-money (produced by a certain amount of labour) is necessary. Nowadays, the direct representational possibility of monetary signs is suspended not only for circumstantial reasons, but completely suppressed, as we know, for reasons that became structural. Thus, we passed from a monetary regime where gold circulated in presencia to a regime where money was a sign representing gold; and finally to money which is a pure sign, without any reference to a gold-value, a regime of complete non-convertibility. The logical relationship between the non-convertibility of money and the dismissal of the labour theory of value by neoclassical economists and mainstream economics has been stressed. Post-Keynesians, however, tend to emphasize the extradiscursive ‘brute nature’ of uncertainty, reducing it to the limits on knowledge imposed by an unforeseeable future. Their view is that neoclassical economists (and, with them, others such as new Keynesian economists), by emphasizing certain (or, again, probabilistically certain) knowledge, have simply exaggerated the role and possibilities of rational calculation and diminished the ‘animal spirits’, ‘spontaneous optimism’, and other nonrational, corporeal determinants of economic behaviour. In this sense, post-Keynesian economists seek to reinscribe a more ‘balanced’ human body – one which, if not exactly derivative of the classicals, both recognizes the limitations of the body (for example, in terms of the ability to gather and process information) and recovers the kind of profusion of sentiments and emotions, conventions and habits, that were seen to be central to the activities and practices of economic agents prior to the marginalist revolution. It is this body which, for post-Keynesians, serves both to replace the ‘sterility’ of disembodied neoclassical decision-makers and to avoid the ‘nihilism’ occasioned by the post-modern decentring of the body. References Amariglio, J. and Ruccio, D. F. (1994) ‘Postmodernism, Marxism, and the Critique of Modern Economic Thought’, Rethinking Marxism 7 (Fall): 7-35. Blaug, M. (1992) The Methodology of Economics; Or How Economists Explain, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 319-22. Cohen, G.A. Karl Marx's Theory of History. Princeton University Press, Princeton. 1978. 110-14 de Marchi, N. (2001) ‘Introduction’ in N. de Marchi and M. Blaug (eds) Appraising Economic Theories, Aldershot: Elgar. 86-90 England, Paula (1993) ‘The Separative Self: Androcentric Bias in Neoclassical Assumptions’, in Marianne A. Ferber and Julie A. Nelson (eds) Beyond Economic Man: Feminist Theory and Economics, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 37-53. McCloskey, D. N. (2003) ‘The Rhetoric of Economics’, Journal of Economic Literature, 21 (June) 12-14 Miliband, R. Marxism and Politics. Herron Publishing Inc., New York. 1977. 250-59 Ollman, B. Grolier's Encyclopedia, Karl Marx and Marxism. Grolier Electronic Publishing Inc. 1995. 201-10 Parekh, B. Marx's Theory of Ideology. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 1982. P.386 Resnick, Stephen A., and Wolff, Richard D. (2001) Knowledge and Class: A Marxian Critique of Political Economy, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 56-60

Differentiating Between Market Structures

Public goods are goods from which the whole community can take benefit without the need of purchasing them. Private goods on contrast are ones from which the public can only take benefit by purchasing them. And it holds no external benefit for others. Public goods are more to do with government actions, while markets can efficiently allocate private goods. Ten loaves of bread can be divided in many ways but others cannot take benefit of the loaf I eat. I pay for it and thus only I can benefit from it as it’s a private good.On the other hand national defense once provided, affects everyone equally. Nothing would change the amount of national security being provided. It’s the same for all (Blurt it, 2009). Common resources are goods that are rival but not excludable. This means that the fishes in the ocean for example are rivalries because when a person catches the fish, there are fewer fish for the next person to catch whereas they aren’t excludable because it is difficult to stop people from fishing. Public goods and common resources are both available to all.Natural monopoly exists as a result of high fixed costs operating in an industry. It’s a situation where for technical reasons there cannot be more than one provider of a good. Public utilities are usually considered to be natural monopolies. Basically, private goods are those that are excludable and rival both. Public goods are which are neither excludable nor rival. Common resources are rival but not excludable and lastly the natural monopolies consist of goods that are excludable but not rival.The demand and supply of labor are determined in labor market. The participants in the labor market are workers. Workers supply labor to firm in exchange for wages. Firms demand labor from workers in exchange for wages. The labor demand is the amount of labor a firm is willing to employ at a given point in time. This type of demand may not necessarily be in long-run equilibrium and is d etermined by the real wage, this labor is paid willingly by the firms and the amount of labor the workers are willing to supply at that wage.The labor supply in a market is the number of workforce available or the human resources in a particular labor market. The supply of labor is the number of hours the workers work at a given real wage rate. An increased wage rate increases the number of income earned and increase the opportunity costs (Cliff Notes, n. d. ). Supply and demand curves shift and intersect. Where they meet is current labor equilibrium. The labor equilibrium is where the demand for labor and the supply of labor are equal. Labor demand curve shifts with changes in booms, recessions, and productivity etc.Supply curve shifts with things such as increase in working population, decrease in non-work benefit etc. An increase in labor demand results in an increase in both the equilibrium wage and the equilibrium level of employment. A reduction in it results in a decrease in both the equilibrium wage and the equilibrium level of employment. An increase in labor supply whereas results in a lower equilibrium wage, but an increased equilibrium level of employment. Conversely, a reduction in labor supply results in a higher equilibrium wage but a lower equilibrium level of employment. Differentiating Between Market Structures Kudler Fine Foods is an organization that offers gourmet foods and wines to the San Diego Metropolitan area. The organization currently has three locations (La Jolla, Del Mar, and Encinitas). Kudler Fine Foods stocks its fresh bakery, fresh produce, fresh meats and seafood, condiments and packaged foods, and cheeses and specialty dairy departments with local and imported goods. Kudler Fine Foods’ motto is Shopping the World for the Finest Foods and its mission statement is Kudler Fine Foods is committed to providing our customers with the finest selection of the very best foods and wines so that your culinary visions can come true.Both Kudler’s motto and mission statement speak to the organizations passion of wanting to provide only the very best to their customers. In reviewing Kudler Fine Foods’ information, the organization appears to be competing quite well in the marketplace. The financials portion of Kudler’s strategic plan show the organization stay ing on the positive side of the profit margin despite only four months out of the year of above average sales. Also noted in the strategic plan are every store that in some way are similar to Kudler Fine Foods. These stores are more focused on supplying their customers with one or two services.Because Kudler Fine Foods carries a larger variety of items, these stores only pose a small threat, if any, to Kudler Fine Foods. Kudler Fine Foods does plan to close one of their current locations and open a store in another location but this is not because of competition, rather a smaller customer base. Kudler Fine Foods’ marketing overview shows an aggressive plan on how the organization will change certain aspects in different areas of the company. There is plan for a new frequent shopper program, which is nontraditional in a sense and will give customers rewards instead of discounted prices.Ideas on how to expand the organizations services to for its customers increase revenue as w ell as how to increase efficiency and cut costs for the company are also mentioned. The expansion of services will include offering parties in the store to teach the consumer on how to prepare properly gourmet dishes using items sold at the store locations. These sessions will be conducted be celebrity chef, food experts, and others. Merchandise selection and pricing is also addressed in the marketing overview.Providing total customer satisfaction by way of constantly introducing new food items is the focus on how to accomplish this task. The marketing surveys for Kudler Fine Foods shows an average of about 71% of customers shopping at the Kudler Fine Foods to be satisfied all around. However, the customer satisfaction rate did drop by 1. 02% from 2011 to 2012. Although a one percent drop in customer satisfaction is not largely significant, if the issues in which the drop is associated with are not addressed, Kudler Fine Foods can expect a bigger drop every year as customer find new er stores to shop at.Looking more closely at the surveys, they focused on the stores hours, atmosphere and decor, selection of products, whether the merchandise was a good value for the money, attractiveness on how the merchandise is displayed, satisfaction with the purchased merchandise, if the customer service representatives were courteous and knowledgeable, and the customers over-all satisfaction with the store. Although most of the areas the surveys touched on showed a customer satisfaction rate of 70% or more, there were a few areas that were at a satisfaction rate in the 60% range.However, the survey results do show one area in which the customers were more dissatisfied than satisfied in both 2011 and 2012. This area was whether the merchandise sold was a good value for the money. In 2011, 58. 22% of customers were dissatisfied in this area. That number went up to 58. 83% in 2012. Although not a large increase in percentage, this still does reflect the dissatisfaction rate in this area is climbing every year. Kudler Fine Foods organization appears to fall under the monopolistic competition market structure.First, in the strategic plan it states â€Å"Kathy Kudler is the vision behind the organization. She intends to grow and expand the business for 10 – 15 years, at which time she will reach retirement age. Her intent is to sell the entire organization at that time and no longer be involved in the operation†. This signifies that there is an easy entry and exit in this type of market, which is a feature of a monopolistic competition market structure. Second, in the Competitive Analysis section of the strategic plan it lists multiple stores in the same area as the Kudler Fine Foods location are and sell similar products.However, since the products being sold at these other stores are not exactly equal in brand and quality as what Kudler Fine Foods offers, this also points to the organization as being a monopolistic competition market structu re. Although Kudler Fine Foods is defined as a monopolistic competition type market structure, it does not fully fall under the same set of rules that a full monopoly type organization has. For instance, Kudler Fine Foods can set prices for the products it sells because its competition only offers similar products rather than exact product.However, if Kudler Fine Foods sets its prices too high, its customers have the option to shop for similar products elsewhere where the price is more to their liking. Kudler Fine Foods must find the precise price where it can maximize profits but not run their supply to low where the run the risk of not being able to meet the customers’ demands. Once Kudler Fine Foods finds the correct equilibrium price, it can expect to see long-term profits. Some recommendations of competitive strategies for Kudler Fine Foods would be to continue to offer new products to their customers on a regular basis.Offering new products that competitors do not offer will ensure that Kudler Fine Foods controls that portion of the market. Another recommendation for Kudler Fine Foods would be to investigate and determine why eight months out of the year their profits are lower than the other four months. After concluding why this is, Kudler Fine Foods should proceed with a more aggressive ad campaign, initiate special product pricing, and any other strategies to increase their profits in these low performing months.A company comparable to Kudler Fine Foods would be Williams-Sonoma. With 252 locations that span 45 states, four provinces, and two countries, the Williams-Sonoma organization is enormously larger than Kudler Fine Foods, but offers the same type of products. These products range from organic and gourmet foods and wines and high quality and high priced utensils, cookware, bakeware, and many other items needed to produce a gourmet meal.

buy custom School Prevention Programs essay

buy custom School Prevention Programs essay There is no doubt that delinquency prevention programs are important in every society as a way of dealing with criminal behavior among young people. Currently, there is enough evidence supporting the success of school-based prevention programs in many parts of the country. This approach is considered more effective and economical in reforming the behavior of misbehaving youths. However, policy makers continue looking into ways of improving the efficacy of these programs and ensuring that they serve the community fully in restoring law and order among young people. School-based programs have been found to be the best investment with regard to the danger caused by misbehaving youths (OJJDP, n.d). These programs have consistently shown positive impact on youths through behavior monitoring, classroom management, and counseling among others. Through these, the programs aim at preventing young people from misbehaving when they become adults. Delinquency laws Juvenile delinquency remains a prominent and debatable issue in our society today. This issue was initially dealt with through rehabilitation of children who broke state laws by the introduction of a new start in getting into adulthood. The increase in the number of juvenile delinquencies led to the formation of laws which were meant to give direction on how to rehabilitate and curb delinquents. How effective are these laws? While juveniles have been charged as adults, many believe the law aims at preventing offenders from joining the public. Research indicates that most of these juveniles who are tried as adults are never violent criminals (Cullen Gendreau, n.d). This raises the question of the effectiveness of these laws. Alternative programs like The Balanced and Restorative Justice (BARJ) and Boot camps have been proposed to effectively deal with juvenile delinquents as they emphasize on youths becoming responsible of their actions. Although school-based programs have been succe ssful in dealing with juvenile delinquents, delinquency laws have not been effective but liberal. Buy custom School Prevention Programs essay

Inorganic Chemistry Definition and Introduction

Inorganic Chemistry Definition and Introduction Inorganic chemistry is defined as the study of the chemistry of materials from non-biological origins. Typically, this refers to materials not containing carbon-hydrogen bonds, including metals, salts, and minerals. Inorganic chemistry is used to study and develop catalysts, coatings, fuels, surfactants, materials, superconductors, and drugs.  Important chemical reactions in inorganic chemistry include double displacement reactions, acid-base reactions, and redox reactions. In contrast, chemistry of compounds that contain C-H bonds is called organic chemistry. The organometallic compounds overlap both organic and inorganic chemistry. Organometallic compounds typically include a metal directly bonded to a carbon atom. The first man-made inorganic compound of commercial significance to be synthesized was ammonium nitrate. Ammonium nitrate was made using the Haber process, for use as a soil fertilizer. Properties of Inorganic Compounds Because the class of inorganic compounds is vast, its difficult to generalize their properties. However, many inorganics are ionic compounds, containing cations and anions joined by ionic bonds. Classes of these salts include oxide, halides, sulfates, and carbonates. Another way to classify inorganic compounds is as main group compounds, coordination compounds, transition metal compounds, cluster compounds, organometallic compounds, solid state compounds, and bioinorganic compounds. Many inorganic compounds are poor electrical and thermal conductors as solids, have high melting points, and readily assume crystalline structures. Some are soluble in water, while others are not. Usually the positive and negative electrical charges balance out to form neutral compounds. Inorganic chemicals are common in nature as minerals and electrolytes. What Inorganic Chemists Do Inorganic chemists are found in a wide variety of fields. They may study materials, learn ways to synthesize them, develop practical applications and products, teach, and reduce the environmental impact of inorganic compounds. Examples of industries that hire inorganic chemists include government agencies, mines, electronics companies, and chemical companies. Closely related disciplines include materials science and physics. Becoming an inorganic chemist generally involves gaining a graduate degree (Masters or Doctorate). Most inorganic chemists pursue a degree in chemistry in college. Companies That Hire Inorganic Chemists An example of a government agency that hires inorganic chemists is the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The Dow Chemical Company, DuPont, Albemarle, and Celanese are companies that use inorganic chemistry to develop new fibers and polymers. Because electronics are based on metals and silicon, inorganic chemistry is key in the design of microchips and integrated circuits. Companies that focus in this area include Texas Instruments, Samsung, Intel, AMD, and Agilent. Glidden Paints, DuPont, The Valspar Corporation, and Continental Chemical are companies that apply inorganic chemistry to make pigments, coatings, and paint. Inorganic chemistry is used in mining and ore processing through the formation of finished metals and ceramics. Companies that focus on this work include Vale, Glencore, Suncor, Shenhua Group, and BHP Billiton. Inorganic Chemistry Journals and Publications There are numerous publications devoted to advances in inorganic chemistry. Journals include Inorganic Chemistry, Polyhedron, Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, Dalton Transactions, and Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan.

Historical & Contextual Studies in Fashion Essay - 1

Historical & Contextual Studies in Fashion - Essay Example For women, the corset was worn to support the breasts and to develop a curved figure, narrowing the waist. In 1500s, the corset was introduced in France by Catherine de Medici. At that time, the corset was worn as an undergarment. It was a tight elongated bodice worn by Women of the French court in the 16th century (Davies, 1982). In this period, the women of the French court embraced the corset because it was considered as a necessary garment for the beauty of a female figure (Tortora and Eubank, 1989). It was worn with a farthingale in order to hold out the skirt and form a stiff cone. The corsets in this historical context also turned the upper part of a human torso into an inverted cone shape (V&A, 2015). The corset was also made of shoulder strap and had flaps at the waist. In order to form a good shape for the woman body, the corset flattened the bust. As a result, it pushed up the breasts. The corsets were made of layered fabric fastened with glue and tightly laced (Tortora and Eubank, 1989). A busk was used to stiffen the forefront of the bodice. It was made of wood, metal, whalebone, ivory or metal (V&A, 2015). The steel busk of the corset was spoon-shaped, and was wider at the bottom than at the top in order to exert pressure on the abdomen (Davies, 1982). This shape made the corset wearable and more restricting in order to tighten the waist. During the Victorian era, the busk was made of steel. As fashion changed, the corset also changed. In 1870s, the corset changed it shape, becoming longer so that it can cause the fashionable long and slender silhouette (Takeda and Spilker, 2010). The corsets also became more rigid in order to hide the layers of the underwear. They were heavily boned, and were cut from different pieces and toughened with leather. Whalebone was used because it was strong and flexible, achieving the shape of the corset and the body

Fianacial moduling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Fianacial moduling - Essay Example Both the indices generally followed the Other January effect. Introduction New York Stock Exchange (the US Stock) was officiated on March 18, 1817. London stock exchange (the UK Stock) was founded in 1801. The two stocks combined have the highest Market cap (17.0 trillion) and largest volume (3.1 trillion) in the world [1]. Any movement in these markets pushes stock indices all over the world. Drawing parallels from the common and integrated political and economic interests the host countries of these stock indices, it can be hypnotized that these market are correlated. This paper tries to identify, if any, correlation present between the two indices. As mentioned before the NYSE and the LSE sit on huge pile of money and are influential. Hence it is important to figure out their predictability. This paper assesses the predictability of these stock indices. The paper has been segregated into three segments: First section characterizes time series properties of the stocks namely its ra te of return and its volatility. Second section identifies the January effect. Section three provides an estimation of predictability using long-horizon regressions. For the purpose, monthly data of the stock indices starting from January, 1973 till December, 2004 is analyzed. 1. Time Series Analysis The rate of return is defined as the money earned on an investment (in stocks). Volatility is the measure of fluctuation in the asset (stock) prices. Mean and variance of rate of return and volatility is used to characterize a stock [2]. Curve of distribution of data is measured by Skewness and Kurtosis of the graph. A normal distribution curve is bell shaped symmetric around the mean. A positively skewed distribution is skewed to right. Skewness is measured as 3rd movement of mean. A Kurtosis is a measure of flatness of the top of the graph. Larger value of degree of kurtosis would mean sharper peak [11]. The rate of return of the indices was analyzed against time. The volatility of th e market was also measured. The rate of return was measured as the difference of natural log of the monthly index value. Volatility was measured as the standard deviation of rate of return of the market in a year. Each Index was characterized by its mean of rate of return and its variance of rate of return and volatility. [3] Rate of return Volatility Mean (ln values) Variance Skewness Kurtosis Mean (ln values) Variance Skewness Kurtosis UK 0.010753 0.0034 -0.18 7.31 0.053 0.000682 0.94 1.65 US 0.008991 0.0022 -0.95 6.35 0.043 0.000313 0.72 0.90 The result showed that rate of return on was higher in UK index than in US index by around 20%. Also, the UK market was around 23% more volatile than the US market. Variance of rate of return and volatility showed that UK market was more spread than US stocks. High degree of kurtosis for rate of return of the UK and the US stocks suggested sharp peak of the distribution graph. From degree of kurtosis it could be inferred that volatility was not restricted to certain range of stock return values but was spread over a long value range of returns. It is to be noted that in 31 years starting from Jan 1973, US market grew from 98.66 to 3087.82 (31X) in Dec 2004, while the UK markets grew from 319.53 to 19639.99 (61X) in the same period. Distribution of rate of return data was left tailed for both US and UK stocks while distribution of volatility data was right tailed for both the stocks.